{"id":22923,"date":"2016-10-20T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-10-20T20:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.delucapartners.it\/news\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\/"},"modified":"2026-02-16T16:10:19","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T15:10:19","slug":"generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.delucapartners.it\/en\/insights\/giurisprudenza\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\/","title":{"rendered":"Generalized and arranged ex-ante remote supervision: inadmissible evidence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court of Cassation, with judgement No. 19922 dated 5 October 2016, confirmed unlawful the dismissal for just cause of an employee in charge of private supervisory activity, who failed to make all the inspections he was entrusted. The disciplinary offence was ascertained by the employer on the basis of data collected through the GPS satellite system installed in the vehicle used by the employee and equipped with the Patrol Manager System. As sustained by the Territorial Court, the Supreme Court of Cassation affirmed the <strong>inadmissibility of the evidence<\/strong> provided by the employer given that according to the union agreements signed &#8211; since the two systems represented a form of <strong>remote supervision<\/strong>, and therefore fell within the scope of Article 4 of the Workers\u2019 Statute &#8211; expressly established that tools for the remote supervision of workers could not be used. Nor, in the opinion of the Court, it can be assumed, as argued by the employer, that it represented a form of defensive supervision since &#8220;<em>it is not possible to consider \u2018defensive\u2019 <strong>generalized supervision <\/strong>mechanisms and controls arranged even before the occurrence of any suspicion<\/em>&#8220;, that is <strong>ex-ante<\/strong> with respect to the rise of suspicion on the commission of the disciplinary offence. The aforementioned law principle was used by the Supreme Court of Cassation on the basis of the provisions contained in Article 4 of the Workers\u2019 Statute in the version preceding the new implemented version contained in the Jobs Act. According to the new formulation of the rule, in fact, it would be possible to use as sources of <strong>evidence<\/strong> also <strong>generalized supervision<\/strong> systems arranged <strong>ex-ante<\/strong> within the limits referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 and in compliance with the conditions referred to in paragraph 3 of Article 4 of the Workers\u2019 Statute.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Court of Cassation, with judgement No. 19922 dated 5 October 2016, confirmed unlawful the dismissal for just cause of an employee in charge of private supervisory activity, who failed to make all the inspections he was entrusted. The disciplinary offence was ascertained by the employer on the basis of data collected through the GPS [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[167,177,190],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-case-law","category-insights"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Generalized and arranged ex-ante remote supervision: inadmissible evidence - De Luca &amp; Partners<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.delucapartners.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22923\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Generalized and arranged ex-ante remote supervision: inadmissible evidence - De Luca &amp; Partners\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Court of Cassation, with judgement No. 19922 dated 5 October 2016, confirmed unlawful the dismissal for just cause of an employee in charge of private supervisory activity, who failed to make all the inspections he was entrusted. The disciplinary offence was ascertained by the employer on the basis of data collected through the GPS [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.delucapartners.it\/en\/insights\/giurisprudenza\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"De Luca &amp; Partners\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-10-20T20:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-16T15:10:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Melismelis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Melismelis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/insights\\\/giurisprudenza\\\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/insights\\\/giurisprudenza\\\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Melismelis\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/00d0832a12e3889dce887a31e29d65f8\"},\"headline\":\"Generalized and arranged ex-ante remote supervision: inadmissible evidence\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-20T20:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-16T15:10:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/insights\\\/giurisprudenza\\\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":294,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Case Law\",\"Insights\",\"Insights\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/insights\\\/giurisprudenza\\\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.delucapartners.it\\\/en\\\/insights\\\/giurisprudenza\\\/generalized-and-arranged-ex-ante-remote-supervision-inadmissible-evidence\\\/\",\"name\":\"Generalized and arranged ex-ante remote supervision: inadmissible evidence - De Luca &amp; 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